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If you use TLS like you should, your domains will be on the internet in the certificate transparency log. Yes, you should use a wildcard cert if you want this security by obscurity, but it's still security by obscurity.
Security by obscurity is when the design or archetecture of the system is obscure enough to supposedly styme attackers (it doesnt), and as soon as people understand the design, your security is broken.
A hard to guess unpublished subdomain is a transparent and standard archetecture - nothing obscure about it and publishing that you use such a scheme doesnt break the security.
The subdomain is a bearer token that serves as an access control and just like a key or passphrase, has a security value proportional to the bits of information an attacker has to guess.
The real limitation is that browsers and humans are not great at not leaking domain names, so its very possible it will get leaked eventually and hard to rotate. Thats the reason they are weak. Still, they can be usefull to stop scanners just trolling for unpatched services.
Of course. The goal here is to not advertise. Make it hard for the bots to find you. With these steps, they can try your IP, but there’s nothing directly on your IP.
You still need proper security. Authentication is a good start, and it has the extra effect of adding an extra layer to prevent the bots from going further if they get lucky and guess a host name.
Or run an internal CA, if you're the only one accessing the services.