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Lots of overcomplicated answers, imo.
Here's what I did:
Now every device at home can hit all services by domain name over https. No need for any manual configuration on any client device (certs, hosts, etc.)
Bonus: Set up split DNS and subnet routing with Tailscale so that it uses the DNS server for that domain. Now any device connecting to the tailnet can connect to the services just like at home. No need to reconfigure apps, etc.
Simple and it works like magic.
This is the way. Been running (basically) this for years and genuinely keep my eye out for any simpler suggestions, but nothing comes close.
I do it slightly different where I use an external DNS (bunny) and point the A records to the tailscale IP of the server running Caddy.
The benefits are:
The downside is it doesn't work at all for devices not on Tailscale. Real bummer when, like, I want my smart TV to just be able to find jellyfin on my LAN with the same domain names. But everything else about it is very convenient.
To further simplify.
For step 1+2 , the router might have a built in DNS resolver which would eliminate the need to maintain another container or service.
For step 5, depending in the router software, with a single target (e.g. a nas running docker services) you might also be able to add a wildcard rule to catch any query for *.local.domain.com to resolve to that machine. This would simplify adding things in the future as the only thing remaining would be the caddy config.